1. TQM aims at the continual improvement of business operations. 2. TQM places emphasis on employee involvement

1. TQM (Total Quality Management) is an approach or philosophy that emphasizes continuous improvement in all aspects of business operations. The goal of TQM is to enhance the quality of products, services, and processes, which leads to increased customer satisfaction and organizational success. Continuous improvement involves constantly analyzing and refining business operations to identify and eliminate inefficiencies.

2. TQM recognizes the importance of employee involvement and morale in achieving quality objectives. In this approach, employees are considered key stakeholders and active participants in the improvement process. Their expertise and input are valued, and they are encouraged to take ownership of their work. TQM promotes a culture of teamwork, cooperation, and empowerment, where employees are motivated to contribute their best efforts.

3. As part of TQM, teams are formed to identify the reasons for errors or defects in business processes. These teams, often referred to as problem-solving teams or quality circles, analyze data, conduct root cause analysis, and develop solutions to prevent errors from recurring. By investigating the reasons behind process errors, TQM aims to implement corrective actions that address the root causes and prevent future occurrences.

4. TQM emphasizes the use of statistical methods to improve business functionality. Statistical analysis provides valuable insights into process performance, variation, and trends. By collecting and analyzing data, TQM helps identify areas of improvement, prioritize quality initiatives, and monitor the effectiveness of implemented changes. Statistical tools enable organizations to make data-driven decisions and focus on improving critical aspects of their business operations.

5. The ideology of TQM supports the use of qualitative measurements to define and evaluate success. While quantitative measurements, such as financial metrics and customer satisfaction ratings, are important, TQM recognizes the significance of qualitative factors. This includes aspects like customer perceptions, employee satisfaction, and the overall organizational culture. TQM believes that achieving and maintaining excellence requires both quantitative and qualitative measurements.

6. Six Sigma is a methodology closely related to TQM that aims to minimize manufacturing defects to a minimum level. The term "Six Sigma" refers to the statistical concept of measuring process variation, where a process operating at Six Sigma level has a very low probability of producing defects. By using statistical analysis and problem-solving techniques, Six Sigma helps organizations reduce variation and improve process capability. The ultimate goal is to deliver products or services with a high level of precision and consistency.

7. The philosophy of TQM, as well as Six Sigma, is customer-centric. It places a strong emphasis on meeting customer requirements and exceeding their expectations. Understanding customer needs and preferences is crucial for developing products and services that provide value. TQM involves gathering customer feedback, conducting market research, and using customer satisfaction data to drive improvement initiatives. By aligning business processes with customer expectations, TQM ensures that the organization is focused on delivering customer satisfaction.

8. Six Sigma can be applied to all types of businesses, regardless of their industry or size. Originally developed in the manufacturing sector, Six Sigma has evolved to be applicable in various domains, including service industries, healthcare, finance, and information technology. The principles and methodologies of Six Sigma can be adapted and implemented in any organization that aims to improve process efficiency, reduce defects, and enhance overall quality.

9. Six Sigma utilizes a structured hierarchy of professionals known as "belts" to manage and carry out improvement projects. The belt levels range from white belt, yellow belt, green belt, black belt, up to the highest level of master black belt. Each belt level represents a different level of expertise and knowledge in Six Sigma methodologies. Black belts, for example, are highly trained professionals who lead improvement projects, analyze data, and mentor others in implementing Six Sigma strategies.

10. Statistical measures play a crucial role in TQM and Six Sigma. By utilizing statistical techniques and tools, organizations can measure process performance, identify areas of improvement, monitor progress, and validate the effectiveness of improvement initiatives. Statistical measures, such as process capability indices, control charts, and data analysis, provide objective insights into process performance, help identify trends or outliers, and guide decision-making for continuous improvement efforts.